Participles：
Types of Participles:
Remarks:
- Participles have three voices: passive, actives, and impersonal
- I was seen, I was seeing, tena gatam (He has gone)
- Participles are adjectives by nature, therefore, it declines agreeing with the substantives (nouns) they qualify.
- Participles can sometimes used as substantives (nouns), eg., arahā (the Worthy one); gacchanto (one who is going), etc.
Types of participles and formations:
1. Past
a. Passive: + ta or na (p.p.p)
Ending in vowel:
√bhū + ta = bhūta (been)
√ñā + ta = ñāta (being known)
Ending in consonant:
√pac + i + ta = pacita (being cooked) e.g, odanaṃ Devadattena pacitaṃ The rice is cooked by Devadatta or pacitaṃ odanaṃ the cooked rice
√pad + na = panna (being gone)
b. Active: + ta+ vanta (a.p.p.) (decline as bhagavā)
√pac + i + ta + vanta = pacitavan(t) (having cooked) e.g, Devadatto odanaṃ pacitavā Devadatta has cooked the rice.
c. Rarely impersonal. Its formation is the same with p.p.p. eg., Devadattena grāmaṃ gataṃ Devadatta has gone to the village.
2. Present
a. Active: + anta (pre.p.) (decline as arahā)
√pac +ant = pacanta (being cooking) eg., odanaṃ paccanto Devadatto Devadatta is cooking the rice or Devadatta, the one who is cooking the rice
√gam + ant = gacchanta (being going)
b. Passive: +māna (p.pre.p.)
√pac +ya+ māna = paccamāna (being been cooked) eg., odanaṃ paccamānaṃ the rice that is being cooked.
3. Future
a. Active: future base + anta
√pac + iss + anta = pacissanta (will be cooking) eg., Devadatto pacissanto odanaṃ Devadatta will be cooking the rice.
b. Passive (potential participle): + tabba, ya, anīya
√pac + i + tabba = pacitabba (to be cooked; should be cooked; cook-able )
√kar + tabba = kattabba (to be done; should be done; do-able)
√gam + ya = gamya = gamma (to be gone)
√bhuj + ya = bhujya = bhujja (to be eaten, eatable)
√nī + ya = neyya (to be led) eg., neyya attha (meaning that is to be led, ie., provincial meaning 未了義) cf. nīta attha (meaning that is led, ie., ultimate meaning了義 )
√kar + anīya = karaṇīya (to be done, should be done)
